An unexpected dinosaur.

Yesterday, Tiarnan sat up in bed and said, quite out of nothing, "I have a dinosaur body."

We looked at our little three year old son and saw that he looked just like a little three year old son. We couldn't see the resemblance to a dinosaur, at all.

Perceiving, perhaps, our incomprehension, he bent forward to reveal his back, and then reached behind him to trace the bumps of his spine.

"There!" he said, as if that explained everything.

Ah. We understood. He was comparing the ridges on his back to the ridges on the backs of dinosaurs such as Triceratops. Indeed, by that measure, he did have a "dinosaur body".

Tiarnan, our little dinosaur, is funny in the way he thinks. He is always associating things and linking distant things together. A moment's reflection is always enough to see that he has a point and that the things he has connected could, indeed, be connected, if you looked at the world in the way he was choosing to.

I see, in the way he thinks, the beginnings of an artist of some kind, for, like many artists, he is a great associator.

In any event, whatever he chooses to be (and he has shown the traits of an actor often enough, too), it will be entertaining to watch him grow up and hear him make his surprising observations, along the way.

(If you would like to learn more of Ainan Celeste Cawley, a scientific child prodigy, aged eight years and seven months, or his gifted brothers, Fintan, five years exactly, and Tiarnan, twenty-eight months, please go to:http://scientific-child-prodigy.blogspot.com/2006/10/scientific-child-prodigy-guide.html I also write of gifted education, IQ, intelligence, the Irish, the Malays, Singapore, College, University, Chemistry, Science, genetics, left-handedness, precocity, child prodigy, child genius, baby genius, adult genius, savant, wunderkind, wonderkind, genio, гений ребенок prodigy, genie, μεγαλοφυία θαύμα παιδιών, bambino, kind.

We are the founders of Genghis Can, a copywriting, editing and proofreading agency, that handles all kinds of work, including technical and scientific material. If you need such services, or know someone who does, please go to: http://www.genghiscan.com/ Thanks.

This blog is copyright Valentine Cawley. Unauthorized duplication prohibited. Use Only with Permission. Thank you.)

Madonna's Adoption Bid

Madonna, the woman who needs no introduction, has been refused the right to adopt a child from Malawi. Chifundo "Mercy" James, a little orphaned girl, will grow up, not in a superstar's home, but in the orphanage she now lives in. The decision was made because the judge in the case, decided that allowing Madonna to adopt would send the wrong signal to human traffickers about how easy it was to secure a child in Malawi.



Now, some will cheer this decision, largely because they don't like Madonna or rich people in general. Some will cheer because they think it sends the right signal to traffickers. I, however, am not cheered by this decision, for one good reason: a child has been denied a loving family.



Chifundo "Mercy" James would have grown up with every advantage possible were she adopted by Madonna. She would "want for nothing". She would receive the best of educations. She would have the best of opportunities. Not only that but she would have a mother who very clearly loves to be a mother and would be a good, warm, nurturing presence in her life. Instead, however, she has the impersonal embrace of an orphanage and all the restricted opportunities that implies.



I rather feel that the judge in the case has not judged this case in particular, but used the case as an opportunity to make an international political point. He has sent a signal to traffickers that getting children out of Malawi might not be so easy. He has chosen to sacrifice the opportunity of one child to actually have a family, so as to prevent the trafficking of the children of Malawi - or at least reduce the perception that trafficking of such children is possible or easy.



Now, while I admire the judge's point and purpose - and agree that it is an important issue, I do feel that he should not have sacrificed Chifundo "Mercy" James' life happiness to make this point. There are other ways to do so. He could have used the publicity, in concert with his government to announce new restrictive laws on the movement of Malawi's children overseas. He could have made it clear that exceptions may be made where the prospects for the child are exceptional - such as they are with Madonna's adoption bid. He could have made it clear that it is only because Madonna offers a good life to Chifundo that the bid is being allowed. There was no need to block the bid to make the point he wished to make.



Apparently, the normal rule for adoption from Malawi, is that the adoptive parent should have lived in Malawi for eighteen months prior to the application. This eliminates almost all possible bids, of course - including Madonna's I presume.



I feel that the judge has not considered the beneficial aspects of an adoption by Madonna. Her celebrity parenting of a child from Malawi, would raise the profile, in the minds of potential parents, of adopting a child from Malawi. Many children who might otherwise have grown up in orphanages, may end up being offered homes, and families, as a result. It can only be good for Malawi to facilitate this.



It should be noted that Malawi is one of the world's poorest countries. Over half of its 12 million people live on less than 1 (yes ONE) dollar a day. Madonna would have been taking Chifundo "Mercy" James out of a situation with such bleak prospects and giving her the life of a daughter of a multi-millionaire (Madonna's fortune is estimated to run into hundreds of millions of dollars).



Madonna's adoption would have inspired many others to reach out to the orphanages of Malawi and give those unfortunate children a family. The rejection of Madonna's bid can only harm the prospects of all children, in the orphanages, who might otherwise have been adopted. Indeed, by rejecting Madonna's bid, the judge is sending an unintended message: "Trying to adopt a child in Malawi is an expensive waste of time and money and even the super-rich like Madonna can't do it, successfully."



What might have been a flood of adoptive parents, inspired by Madonna, may now be not even a trickle.



I think this decision was made for good reasons, but without good reasoning. The wider implications of the decision were not considered. The long-term effects of rejecting the bid for adoptive motherhood for even such an ostensibly well-prepared mother, shall harm, greatly, the prospects of all Malawi's parentless children.



My hope is that Madonna will appeal and that the appeal judge is one with broader vision of the issues at hand. Every orphaned child would be better off with a family, than without one. It should be the first priority of the judges to facilitate the union of orphaned child with willing parents.



Ironically, and perhaps tellingly, the judge's decision not to allow Chifundo "Mercy" James, the benefit of a mother, shows that the state, in Malawi, does not value the life of the individual. Yet, the state, is Chifundo's only parent, in effect, now. This is not encouraging on the issue of what kind of "parent" the Malawian state makes. Certainly, it would have been better for Chifundo to have Madonna as a mother, than to have the orphanage as her only parents. The same applies to any and all Malawian children: an adoptive parent is better than no parent at all. I only wish the judge could see that.



(If you would like to learn more of Ainan Celeste Cawley, a scientific child prodigy, aged eight years and seven months, or his gifted brothers, Fintan, five years exactly, and Tiarnan, twenty-eight months, please go to:http://scientific-child-prodigy.blogspot.com/2006/10/scientific-child-prodigy-guide.html I also write of gifted education, IQ, intelligence, the Irish, the Malays, Singapore, College, University, Chemistry, Science, genetics, left-handedness, precocity, child prodigy, child genius, baby genius, adult genius, savant, wunderkind, wonderkind, genio, гений ребенок prodigy, genie, μεγαλοφυία θαύμα παιδιών, bambino, kind.



We are the founders of Genghis Can, a copywriting, editing and proofreading agency, that handles all kinds of work, including technical and scientific material. If you need such services, or know someone who does, please go to: http://www.genghiscan.com/ Thanks.



This blog is copyright Valentine Cawley. Unauthorized duplication prohibited. Use Only with Permission. Thank you.)

The way children understand.

Children are wonderfully open to experience. They allow themselves to do and see things few adults would do. 

The other day, Tiarnan started to explain a children's programme he had been watching on a DVD to his mother. With great animation and excitement he detailed for her, the plot of this film. He even accompanied his explanation with special effects sounds and gestures to illustrate the pictures he was painting. She listened intently.

What was funny about all of this, however, is that the DVD was in a language Tiarnan does not know: Thai. He had watched a Thai film and understood the plot of the film, enough to explain it to his mother, without having any access to the language at all. Few adults would, I feel, sit through an unsubtitled foreign language film, in an unfamiliar tongue. Fewer still would actually understand much of it or find it watchable, in any way. Tiarnan, however, was more than happy to watch it and more than able to focus on its strangeness and extract meaning from the, to him, "wordless" images. 

I am struck by this, how open Tiarnan is. When I compare him to adults I see closure in them, and openness in him. I would like to see him retain this openness, as he grows up, though I know it is customary for people to close down as they get older. In some ways, every adult should be like a child. I feel we would all be deeper, more learned, flexible people if that were so. Sadly, most adults are like adults - with all the limitations that implies. I wonder how this special quality of openness is lost along the way? Is it really necessary that we should all close down? 

Not only did Tiarnan watch the Thai film - but he later requested it repeatedly. He enjoyed it to the point of deliberately seeking it out. That indication of openness impressed me. 

Sadly, I don't think I could sit through a Thai film several times, without understanding it. Oh dear...I must have "grown up". 

Thank you, Tiarnan, for showing me a better way to be. 

(If you would like to learn more of Ainan Celeste Cawley, a scientific child prodigy, aged eight years and seven months, or his gifted brothers, Fintan, five years exactly, and Tiarnan, twenty-eight months, please go to:http://scientific-child-prodigy.blogspot.com/2006/10/scientific-child-prodigy-guide.html I also write of gifted education, IQ, intelligence, the Irish, the Malays, Singapore, College, University, Chemistry, Science, genetics, left-handedness, precocity, child prodigy, child genius, baby genius, adult genius, savant, wunderkind, wonderkind, genio, гений ребенок prodigy, genie, μεγαλοφυία θαύμα παιδιών, bambino, kind.

We are the founders of Genghis Can, a copywriting, editing and proofreading agency, that handles all kinds of work, including technical and scientific material. If you need such services, or know someone who does, please go to: http://www.genghiscan.com/ Thanks.

This blog is copyright Valentine Cawley. Unauthorized duplication prohibited. Use Only with Permission. Thank you.)

Deep thinkers or sheep thinkers?

Karl Albrecht, the writer on psychology, divides people into "deep thinkers" and "sheep thinkers". I thought this division was applicable to the situation in Singapore.

A deep thinker is one who thinks for themselves and is independent in their thoughts and conclusions from the mainstream of the society around them. They see things as they are. They understand what others do not.

A sheep thinker is one whose thoughts are acquired from the surrounding society: what they read in the media or hear from others. They don't realize that their thinking is determined by others and believe that they are thinking for themselves. However, they never think for themselves and, in fact, don't really think independently at all.

Now, Singapore's leadership has, in recent years, begun to urge its populace to "be creative". The aim is to create some kind of intellectual hub. However, there is a problem. For too long, Singapore has encouraged its people to be sheep thinkers. The way children are educated does not instill deep thinking, but produces sheep thinkers. There is a great pressure at all levels of society to conform - and so almost everyone does.

Karl Albrecht observes that all totalitarian societies have sought first to eliminate the deep thinkers, or control them, so that they would not awaken the rest of the society of sheep thinkers to reappraise their situation and come to understand it. Thus, these types of societies will try to create sheep thinking masses - just as Singapore has done. The problem for these societies however is that without deep thinkers, certain kinds of technological, scientific and cultural development will not occur: for sheep thinkers are thought followers, not thought leaders and will not create anything new.

If Singapore is to become a creative hub, it will have to start encouraging deep thinkers in its midst. This is something with which the system is unfamiliar. I wonder whether the system can really take the presence of true deep thinkers in its midst? Would the powers-that-be not be instinctively uncomfortable with such people and try to muffle them?

Singapore's education system is still creating sheep thinkers. I am curious as to whether this will change and deep thinkers will start to be fostered. We are at a cusp, in some ways. If Singapore wishes to have a creative culture, it will need deep thinkers. However, having deep thinkers makes the population less sheep like - and yet, sheep like is exactly what the government has tried to instill in its people for the last five decades. Basically Singapore can't have it both ways. They can either choose to be a creative hub and have deep thinkers...or remain as easily controllable sheep.

The question is: which will Singapore's government choose: the deep thinkers they know they need...or the sheep thinkers they know how to lead?

(If you would like to learn more of Ainan Celeste Cawley, a scientific child prodigy, aged eight years and seven months, or his gifted brothers, Fintan, five years exactly, and Tiarnan, twenty-eight months, please go to: http://scientific-child-prodigy.blogspot.com/2006/10/scientific-child-prodigy-guide.html I also write of gifted education, IQ, intelligence, the Irish, the Malays, Singapore, College, University, Chemistry, Science, genetics, left-handedness, precocity, child prodigy, child genius, baby genius, adult genius, savant, wunderkind, wonderkind, genio, гений ребенок prodigy, genie, μεγαλοφυία θαύμα παιδιών, bambino, kind.

We are the founders of Genghis Can, a copywriting, editing and proofreading agency, that handles all kinds of work, including technical and scientific material. If you need such services, or know someone who does, please go to: http://www.genghiscan.com/ Thanks.

This blog is copyright Valentine Cawley. Unauthorized duplication prohibited. Use Only with Permission. Thank you.)

H.L. Mencken: view of Singapore.

H.L Mencken, the American writer and "man of ideas" died in 1956, thus he never got a chance to comment on modern Singapore, however, I believe I have found a comment of his that fits the way Singapore is.

H.L Mencken (for Henry Louis Mencken) wrote:

"The men the American people admire most

extravagantly are the most daring liars;

the men they detest most violently are those

who try to tell them the truth."

If you substitute "Singaporean" for American, the quote holds true. It is easy to observe the truth of this. All you have to do is say something true of Singapore, or true, in fact, of anything at all. Then a group of Singaporean bloggers will attack you for it. They will take a prideful "Singapore is No.1" stance and denounce you, often in libellous, ad hominem fashion, for having spoken a truth. They will go to the trouble of posting all over the internet their hate. They will reason most falsely, using every trick in the deceivers art, to convince their readers that the truth is not true and that their lie is, instead. I have seen it happen now, many times. Most recent occurrences were in reaction to my postings on Singlish and MSG. It happens every single time I say something on any public issue at all, in fact, that makes reference to anything Singaporean or oriental at all, in any way. Apparently, one is forbidden to comment on any matters relating to anything that concerns this place or its people.

The funny thing about it is that those who attack the truths I have written, are very sure of their falsehoods. They disparage what I have written. They attack my character. They impugn my intelligence. They try to sound knowledgeable themselves. However, what is most interesting is that none of them actually bothers to find out what they could find out if they went looking: that I am right. I have written what I have written because I have learnt of it, deduced it or observed it at one time or another and found it to be true after thorough checking. Nothing is written without being solid in thought. What they write, on the other hand, is highly emotional, usually angry, and very wrong.

Their response is very interesting. It is clear that they immediately denounce, without checking the facts. They denounce with passion. What is even more interesting is that they only do this when I have written a truth which, if absorbed, listened to and understood would force them to change their view or understanding of something. Quite clearly, to change their view is something that they find threatening. They will fight to preserve their ignorance. They will fight to silence anyone who actually speaks a truth they don't want to be known. This, of course, is any truth of which they are unaware or which contravenes the world view they have.

H.L Mencken was right about America - and he would have been right about Singapore, too. Singapore is a nation where the last thing one is allowed to tell is the truth. To do so, is to court the most vitriolic of reactions from certain quarters.

Now, that I have written this truth, no doubt I will receive more vitriol from the same silencers of the truth that have been writing against my other postings, too.

I wonder when they will actually make a positive contribution to life, instead of seeking to make a negative one? They are haters of truth and lovers of conflict. I don't foresee much of a positive contribution from people with that outlook. No doubt, H.L Mencken would have had something pithy to say of them. No doubt, too, they would argue against the truth of his observations.

Given the predictable reaction to truthful postings in Singapore, on Singapore and matters Asian, I would say that this part of the world is very unlikely to ever see itself as it truly is. It is more likely that they will stifle any understanding that threatens to grow. I see it every time I write.

The funny part of it, of course, is that the ones who will suffer the long term consequences of this enforced ignorance and deluded self-image is Singapore itself.

It can't be said that I didn't try to let them know.

(It should be noted that only a very few people from Singapore are being hostile to my posts - a small group of three or four people who appear to know each other online. I don't know what their motives are. Most people are friendly, polite, helpful and interested. I enjoy corresponding with them.)

(If you would like to learn more of Ainan Celeste Cawley, a scientific child prodigy, aged eight years and seven months, or his gifted brothers, Fintan, five years exactly, and Tiarnan, twenty-eight months, please go to: http://scientific-child-prodigy.blogspot.com/2006/10/scientific-child-prodigy-guide.html I also write of gifted education, IQ, intelligence, the Irish, the Malays, Singapore, College, University, Chemistry, Science, genetics, left-handedness, precocity, child prodigy, child genius, baby genius, adult genius, savant, wunderkind, wonderkind, genio, гений ребенок prodigy, genie, μεγαλοφυία θαύμα παιδιών, bambino, kind.

We are the founders of Genghis Can, a copywriting, editing and proofreading agency, that handles all kinds of work, including technical and scientific material. If you need such services, or know someone who does, please go to: http://www.genghiscan.com/ Thanks.

This blog is copyright Valentine Cawley. Unauthorized duplication prohibited. Use Only with Permission. Thank you.)

Adulterated food in the modern world.

Nothing is more personal than the choice of food we eat. It is strange, therefore, so often in the modern world, that choice is removed from us. We are forced to eat food components we would rather not.

Monosodium Glutamate is a flavour enhancer widely used around the world. It is also something which many people react negatively to, in particular, non-Chinese people. It is a curious observation that Chinese people have a biological advantage in clearing MSG from their systems. Thus, a Chinese person has much greater tolerance for MSG than a non-Chinese person. This makes for interesting situations. You see, it means that a Chinese person may be perfectly comfortable eating food that a non-Chinese person would find unpleasant.

I once had such an unpleasant experience in a restaurant. We were in an Asian country that likes to use MSG in its food, so we made a particular point of telling the waitress that we didn't want MSG in the food. She nodded her understanding: there would be no MSG.

Then the restaurant did something odd. The woman we had spoken to went away and a new waitress came back. So, just to be safe, I repeated the request to this waitress: no MSG. Again, she nodded her understanding.

Then they did something very strange. A third person attended to us. So, for the last time, we repeated our request that there be no MSG in the food.

Eventually, the food came. Now, as is the way with many restaurants, the food was strong on flavour and low on quantity...but that didn't particularly bother me, having seen this phenomenon in many other restaurants. It tasted rather good. In fact, I began to become suspicious about the intensity of the flavour. In particular, the soup left a strong tingling on my tongue as of a flavour that would not go away. This seemed a lot like MSG to me.

By the time the meal had finished, I was feeling the typical effects of MSG on me: a dazedness combined with a severe and growing headache. Indeed, such was the strength of the response that, in my estimate, that "MSG free meal" that we had requested contained MORE MSG than any other meal I had eaten in memory. I could not recall a more intense and sudden reaction.

This irked me. It just wasn't right that I - and the others who had dined - were to suffer for several hours from headaches and dazedness, after we had specifically requested that there be no MSG in the food. The restaurant had broken its basic contract with all customers: to give them what they want. They had given us specifically what we didn't want.

Sure enough, for the next few hours, I nursed a terrible headache. I was also rather dazed. Without any doubt, I had consumed a lot of MSG.

Now, if you are of Chinese origin, you may be wondering why I am making a fuss about this. Well, it is simple. This "flavour enhancer" may make a meal taste better, but in my particular case, it also comes with a headache and hours of dazedness. The side effects outweigh the benefits, considerably. For me, and for those who share my genetic construction (ie. quite a few non-Chinese people), a meal with significant MSG is a ruined meal. It is a meal that will punish its consumer for several hours, thereafter. Personally, I don't think any meal is worth eating, no matter how tasty, if it leaves me dazed with an awful headache for the rest of the day.

It comes back to choice. Everyone should have the choice on whether or not their food is adulterated by anything which is not innately part of the food. If it is not part of the food, in nature, it should be optional for the consumer. MSG is NOT part of most foods. It is added in cooking. Now, this adulterant and all others, should ONLY be added if specifically requested by the consumer. It should be an OPT-IN situation, not an opt out situation. The reason for this is clear: opting out just doesn't work in many cases. We tried our best to opt out of MSG in this particular meal, but their assurances and nods to us were nothing but lies. Perhaps they thought we were just being eccentric in making this request and that it could be safely ignored because we wouldn't notice. Well, of course, we noticed because to those of our genetic background, this particular adulterant is basically a poison and has noticeable toxic effects.

Given that we tried our best to opt out of the adulteration by MSG and that it had not worked, we decided that the only option left was never to eat out in that country again: those headaches were just not worth it. Thus, the lies of one restaurant, cost every other restaurant in the land the possibility of our patronage.

Thus it is clear that giving the customer choice in such matters makes good business sense: if a restaurant doesn't allow a customer to opt out of an adulterant, owing to food sensitivity (and a reaction to MSG could be called a food sensitivity), then restaurants will lose business. People will simply go to where they can opt out. In our case, this meant avoiding all restaurants in that country altogether.

Food sensitivity is a serious matter. All in the food and beverage business should take it seriously - for not only does it affect the customer, but it affects their bottom line, too. If a customer wants to opt out of MSG, or salt, or wheat, or soy or dairy, then they should be allowed to do so. A responsible restaurant that allows such opting out is one that will get more business, too.

I realize that most will not share my concern about MSG, in this post, because most people will not react with headaches and dazedness. However, a proportion of people will react to it and for this reason all should have the right to opt out. In Chinese dominated countries, MSG is used a lot in cooking. However, such countries should still allow opting out because they will have non-Chinese in their midst who are not so genetically equipped to process the ingredient.

People's food sensitivities should be respected and restaurants should take steps to accommodate those of their customers. To do otherwise, it to ensure that certain customers will never come back - and is that good for any restaurant?

(If you would like to learn more of Ainan Celeste Cawley, a scientific child prodigy, aged eight years and seven months, or his gifted brothers, Fintan, five years exactly, and Tiarnan, twenty-eight months, please go to: http://scientific-child-prodigy.blogspot.com/2006/10/scientific-child-prodigy-guide.html I also write of gifted education, IQ, intelligence, the Irish, the Malays, Singapore, College, University, Chemistry, Science, genetics, left-handedness, precocity, child prodigy, child genius, baby genius, adult genius, savant, wunderkind, wonderkind, genio, гений ребенок prodigy, genie, μεγαλοφυία θαύμα παιδιών, bambino, kind.

We are the founders of Genghis Can, a copywriting, editing and proofreading agency, that handles all kinds of work, including technical and scientific material. If you need such services, or know someone who does, please go to: http://www.genghiscan.com/ Thanks.

This blog is copyright Valentine Cawley. Unauthorized duplication prohibited. Use Only with Permission. Thank you.)

An unexpected quality of service.

Most people who have experienced taxi drivers, in Singapore, would agree that they can be an unreliable breed. They are fond of taking foreigners on "scenic" routes, much longer than a direct route (this happens to me a lot owing to my white face); they not infrequently don't know where they are going, or pretend not to; they won't stop to pick you up, for reasons known only to themselves; they will drive around empty for ages, waiting for a call out. Occasionally, the meter has been running for some time, before pick up, artificially inflating the fare. There are all kinds of tricks out there, for the unawares. Sometimes, I have even been in taxis that have become completely lost (though now with GPS this doesn't happen). Basically, it is a bit of a gamble what kind of driver you get when you flag down or call out a taxi. They are not a uniformly professional breed as I am accustomed to in the UK (black cab drivers).

It was a surprise, therefore, the other day to encounter a different kind of taxi driver in Singapore. This one took us home. At first he parked up where we told him to. Then, noting the lift entrance we were going to go to and the fact that we had heavy shopping, he manoeuvred the cab carefully to bring the boot as close to the lift entrance as possible. It was not necessary for him to do this - but he did it to make our lives easier.

Then he did something really unexpected, compared to what is usual with taxi drivers. He opened the boot, got out of his car and started taking our bags out of the back and putting them in the lift for us. There were a lot of bags - at least fifteen - but he took them out of the boot and carried them into the lift for us.

I was taken aback by the extent to which he went to render good service. My surprise was enhanced by my own "inner picture" of what a Singaporean taxi driver is like. His behaviour, however, was an ideal that I had come to discount as impossible here.

So, though I have been critical of the taxi service in the past, I would like to thank the unknown driver of SHB 5722L for his great service standards. He, truly, is what a Singaporean driver should be. Well done.

(If you would like to learn more of Ainan Celeste Cawley, a scientific child prodigy, aged eight years and seven months, or his gifted brothers, Fintan, five years exactly, and Tiarnan, twenty-eight months, please go to: http://scientific-child-prodigy.blogspot.com/2006/10/scientific-child-prodigy-guide.html I also write of gifted education, IQ, intelligence, the Irish, the Malays, Singapore, College, University, Chemistry, Science, genetics, left-handedness, precocity, child prodigy, child genius, baby genius, adult genius, savant, wunderkind, wonderkind, genio, гений ребенок prodigy, genie, μεγαλοφυία θαύμα παιδιών, bambino, kind.

We are the founders of Genghis Can, a copywriting, editing and proofreading agency, that handles all kinds of work, including technical and scientific material. If you need such services, or know someone who does, please go to: http://www.genghiscan.com/ Thanks.

This blog is copyright Valentine Cawley. Unauthorized duplication prohibited. Use Only with Permission. Thank you.)